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Will

Future Fact: The sun will rise tomorrow.
Not Sure using Think: I think I'll buy a new car.
Offer: I'll help you.
Request: I'll have the green salad.
Decide at Time of Speaking: The phone is ringing. I'll answer it.

Going to

Future Plan - Already Decided: I'm going to visit my family for Christmas.

too + adjective (too heavy--a problem)
not + adjective + enough (not light enough--a problem when negative)
adjective + enough (light enough --not a problem--just right)
enough + noun (enough food -- just the right amount)

An adjective describes a noun - a quiet person
An adverb tells about a verb - speaks quietly

A singular countable noun needs an article - a boy, a class, an umbrella
Non-count nouns and plural nouns do not need an article - water, men, umbrellas

Read about the grammar rules for present as future.

Read about present perfect here.